Health Behavior Concepts

Questions: Assignment 11. During the gathering with the relative you should break down ideas of wellbeing, incapacity, and sickness and conduct corresponding to clients of wellbeing and social care.2. Your goal additionally during the gathering is to console the relatives by evaluating and examining with them how discernments about explicit needs have changed.3. At long last in you meeting you should dissect the effect of over a significant time span enactments, social arrangements, society and culture on the manners in which that administrations are made accessible for people, for example, Mr Holland Park.Task 21. You ought to investigate the diverse consideration needs that will be given and is accessible to Mr. Holland Park.2. You ought to likewise clarify current frameworks for supporting Mr Holland Park that are accessible to enable their dad to fulfill his needs and explicit needs.3. In conclusion, in your conversation, you ought to assess the nearby administrations accessible to their da d to help him and the family.Task 31. clarify the methodologies and intercession that was utilized to help Mr Holland Parks explicit necessities and those of other assistance client in your consideration home.2. Furthermore, you should assess the viability of mediation systems utilized for Mr Holland Park and furthermore to other assistance clients with explicit needs.3. At long last, the inspector is intrigued to find out about rising advancements in the region of administration clients with explicit requirements. Examine the likely effect of rising advancements for help with explicit needs.Task 4Understand methodologies for adapting to testing practices related with explicit necessities. Answers: Assignment 1 Breaking down the different ideas related with the wellbeing conduct, incapacity or potentially disease, in setting to the clients of social consideration and additionally medicinal services administrations: The different ideas related with the wellbeing, conduct, handicap and ailment of people with or without explicit requirements are being examined in this area of the report: Wellbeing The condition of physical, mental and social prosperity of an individual is cooperatively named as the strength of that person. The assessment of heath condition considers the abilities of an individual in playing out the different ordinary exercises, other than thinking about the entrance of the person to legitimate amusement as well as business. Incapacity Those weakened physical, mental or potentially social states of an individual that puts limitations in transit the individual in question would had an ordinary existence and access the essential necessities of life are named as the inabilities of an individual. Ailment The physical and additionally mental incapacities of a person that powers physical disability for a short to a delayed timeframe are known as disease of the individual. Social issues The abrupt and huge change in the conduct and demeanor of a person, which may be demonstrative of different psychological well-being issues, are known as social issues of that individual (Forrest, 1996). Evaluation of the difference in discernments in regards to the particular needs of individuals with time: The specific segments of the populaces who have learning inabilities as well as issues related with the maintenance of memory are commonly considered as individuals who have explicit requirements. Such bit of the populace can be considered as a heterogeneous gathering in setting to their particular handicaps, the degrees of their incapacity and different issues related with it, their age and/or ordinary wellbeing conditions (Fox, 1998). Already, the administration of the United Kingdom used to run medical clinics to give explicit requirements to those individuals who have been exposed to delayed mental as well as physical handicaps. Be that as it may, the nature of treatment accessible at these emergency clinics began weakening as an ever increasing number of individuals got mindful of the administrations and chose to get to them. At one point of time, the molded exacerbated so much that administration chose to stop the framework. The expert representatives who used to work in these clinics were consumed by different particular work networks which offered types of assistance to that area of the populace with explicit necessities. As these work networks gave particular consideration to every particular issue, the adequacy of the treatment expanded through this procedure and it was conceivable to bring a bigger area of the populace under such medicinal services framework (Gravestock, 1996). The accomplishment of this framework has had the option to change the long existing view of the normal mass to that area of individuals who have explicit necessities. Investigation of the effect of social arrangement, enactment, culture or potentially society on the different alternatives of social as well as medicinal services administrations which are accessible to individuals having explicit prerequisites: Enactment : At present, the accompanying authoritative arrangements guarantee that appropriate wellbeing as well as social consideration administrations are accessible to the individuals with explicit requirements: Wellbeing Act 1999: guarantee that the social as well as medicinal services administrations suppliers will have the option to autonomously keep up their own spending plans, will be capable incorporate the administrations given by them and build up the courses of action of different driving commissions. Individual Health Budgets: An activity taken by the administration of the nation for upgrading the nature of the social consideration gave to the grown-ups. Utilizing this approach, the patients can guarantee the charges of their separate social insurance suppliers from the administration. SOCIAL POICY: Trusts have been established for the arrangement of care to the grown-ups and youngsters and at present there are in excess of 10 associations who are working in this space. SOCIETY: The general public assumes significant job in the manner an individual When the people with explicit requirements are barred from the general public due to their disease or potentially no so appropriate perspectives, the wellbeing states of these people exacerbate further. The social privileges of such individuals to get appropriate and noble treatment and empathy are guaranteed by the different authoritative laws presented by the administration (Bradshaw, 2000). CULTURE: Unfortunately numerous such social considers despite everything exist our general public which brings about unfair demeanor towards explicit races. Grown-up people are regularly segregated because of the shade of their skin or potentially their ethnicity, at the same time making increasingly more powerless against different mental issue. Indeed, even different social or potentially medicinal services specialist co-ops dispose of patients because of such biased mentalities. Such long existing separations are the essential purposes for the physical and mental maltreatment that the old individuals regularly need to understanding, leaving them in segregated circumstances. Figure: The Heath and Care System of UK, as distributed in the Department of Health Journal 2013 Undertaking 2: Investigation of the consideration prerequisites of people who have explicit requirements: As indicated by the data gave by his family, Mr. Park has inabilities with respect to his vision and hearing, other than having testing conduct. Be that as it may, as per the essential examinations, his difficult conduct is only a sign of the enduring he encounters because of his incapacities (Mansell, 1994). The accompanying course of treatment methodology has been conceived for him: An exhaustive examination of his wellbeing conditions and related social issues. A two way treatment process in order to treat his physical inabilities alongside the social issues that he had been anticipating. Treatment meetings for his displeasure the executives issues. Steady correspondence with him in regards to his medical problems. Required prescription under the oversight of clinical specialists. The different area specialists whose cooperation would be fundamental for this procedure are: the social laborers, word related advisors, network medical attendants, physiologists and therapists. Figure: The Care Provider Network Depiction of the frameworks that exist so as to help people having explicit requirements: Different frameworks have been presented by the administration to help those people who have explicit necessities, some of which are being talked about in the accompanying area: Network Engagement: The trust care officials are principally liable for the commitment of nearby networks about the wellbeing and social consideration necessities of individuals with explicit requirements (Dean, 1996). The administration has given the obligation of keep up a cozy relationship with the neighborhood specialists, deliberate associations or potentially other such organizations on the trust care chiefs, in order to create procedures for the improvement of the prosperity of the nearby networks. The system model planned for Health Promotion: This specific model fills the accompanying needs: Advancement, insurance and improvement of the wellbeing of the general mass. Ensuring that the best social insurance techniques are polished. Support of a technique of significant worth for cash with the goal that the administrations are accessible at traditionalist estimating. Assessment of the administrations which are accessible in the region so as to help people who have explicit necessities: The United Kingdom has different approaches and methodologies that are relevant in the parts of the social and additionally medicinal services administrations of everyone. The National Healthcare Services or the NHS is the essential framework that has been executed so as to make such mind frameworks accessible to those people who have explicit requirements. The National Health Care administrations offer different types of assistance in the under-referenced areas: Crisis care unit General professional administrations Administrations related dental techniques Administrations identified with different emotional wellness issues Different medical clinic administrations Administrations identified with eye care et cetera. The NHS ventures make different administrations accessible to the individuals which can be utilized under various crisis and nonemergency ailments. The NHS111 is one such help which the clients of this framework much of the time misuse so as to talk legitimately to prepared

How is humour created and employed in Episode 6 of Blackadder Goes Forth Essays

How is humor made and utilized in Episode 6 of Blackadder Goes Forth Essays How is humor made and utilized in Episode 6 of Blackadder Goes Forth Paper How is humor made and utilized in Episode 6 of Blackadder Goes Forth Paper Exposition Topic: Dark Boy Writing Scene six of Blackadder Goes Forth is called Goodbyeee. It was composed by Ben Elton and Richard Curtis. Goodbyeee is set in World War One, at the clash of the Somme; in the channels. World War one is a troublesome subject yet the journalists chose to add a diverting edge to feature the major issues of war. Blackadder was constantly appeared before the nine oclock watershed in this manner it is reasonable for all times of watchers. There are numerous sorts of cleverness utilized all through projects throughout the years: Firstly the physical world allowing individuals to down. This is frequently houses falling, or vehicles fleeing. A case of this sort of satire is highlighted in The Chuckle Brothers. Also the preposterous. This sort of silliness is normal in kid's shows, where wounds are rarely changeless. Ordinarily utilized in The Simpsons or Tom and Jerry. Thirdly sexual insinuations. This is the place one character will say something guiltless; this could be Show us your containers love. It is suggested to the crowd this is a sexual remark, however as the camera goes to the female, she would hold two containers of water. Sexual insinuations are utilized all through Carry On films. Fourthly parody. Organizations, for example, the Government, or the Royal Family, are made jokes about. Have I Got News for You spins altogether around parody. At long last self analysis or self deterioration. For instance, Ronnie Corbett is popular for utilizing this kind of parody. He was continually splitting jokes about his own blemishes or un-supported highlights. The main kind of amusingness that is utilized in Goodbyeee is; verbal diversion. Verbal funniness could be plays on words, mockery, abuse or quips. Other than in Blackadder, this sort of funniness is utilized by Frank Skinner and Paul Merton. The second sort of silliness that is utilized in scene six of Blackadder Goes Forth is visual diversion. It might likewise be known as droll. This could be a custard pie in the face, or somebodys pants tumbling down. Other than in Blackadder, Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Laurel and Hardy are celebrated for utilizing visual parody in their demonstrations. Generally speaking, Blackadder is known as Black satire. This implies making difficult issues or subjects into something diverting. The significant issues might be demise, food lack or war. The first occasion when we hear verbal funniness being shown in Goodbyeee, is when Lieutenant George discusses the Pals Battalion that he pursued the war with. All of Georges companions had rather bizarre epithets, e. g. Bumfluff, Jacko and Badger, Sticky and Drippy and Mr Floppy. We hear Lieutenant George reveal to us that he and his companions had beaten the Oxford Tiddlywinkers just the prior week. George at that point proceeds to reveal to us that, lamentably, the entirety of his buddies had passed on during the war, in spite of the fact that he discusses their demises in brandishing terms. This tells the crowd that George has no genuine idea of war, and despite the fact that he is knowledgeable, he has no genuine learnings; he is very nai ve. Because of his naivety, George resembles a mobile, talking purposeful publicity banner. He is nationalistic and utilizes jingoistic language assembled from the purposeful publicity at home. The second time we hear verbal diversion, is when Edmund Blackadder, experiences some kind of hysteria about doing battle. He concludes that he is going to act like he has mental issues, so as to be sent home. He rehashes words, for example, wooble, cackle clack gibber pah and so forth. Clearly Blackadder is frozen of doing battle, in contrast to instructed, white collar class Lieutenant George. Blackadder gets that on the off chance that he goes over the top he faces unavoidable passing. Later on Baldrick exhibits that he doesnt really know why the war began, a chap called Archie Duke murdered an ostrich cause he was eager? he questions. The crowd realizes that the war began on the grounds that Austro-Hungary attacked Germany. We can in a flash tell that Baldrick is not well instructed, and handily confounded, yet in addition, Baldrick is exceptionally faithful to anybody in a better situation than himself, I might suspect this since he battles in a war that he doesnt even know why it started. In the following segment of the scene, we are acquainted with General Melchett. He doesn't need to live in the channels; he is a higher positioning individual from the military. Like Lieutenant George, General Melchett is a state funded school kid, who is knowledgeable, however has no genuine comprehension of war and demise. General Melchett feels that the men who are battling in the war are simply numbers, not lives that are being discarded. He discusses war in donning terms we dodged and we bounced and we wove and we damn very much dominated the match 15-4 Earlier in the scene, we hear Baldrick disclose to Blackadder what he has been making espresso from throughout the previous thirteen months; since they came up short on genuine espresso. It had been produced using hot mud, salivation, and dandruff. Now in the scene, Baldrick offers Officer Darling some espresso. Being ignorant of what the espresso is really produced using, Officer Darling happily acknowledges, including that he might want a smooth one. This is emotional incongruity in light of the fact that solitary the crowd acknowledge what Darling will get in his espresso mug. Baldrick vanishes to make the espresso, the camera cuts from the room, yet a loathsome guttural commotion can be gotten notification from outside the uncovered. At the point when the camera comes back to the scene, Baldrick gives Darling some espresso; Darling takes one taste and quickly lets it out. This might be amusing, however it is likewise laying out the difficult issue of apportioning and food deficiency. While verbal funniness is utilized often all through the scene, a few references to war are featured by visual amusingness. The primary case of visual silliness we find in the last scene of Blackadder Goes Forth is Baldrick eating a cigarette. Edmund Blackadder had offered the entirety of the honorable men present a cigarette. They all readily acknowledged, and all aside from Baldrick, lit their cigarettes and cheerfully puffed away. In any case, Baldrick energetically ate his blessing. This is uproarious to watch, yet in addition gives a knowledge into Baldricks character. He is faithful as he doesnt need to decline a blessing from a companion, yet in addition since he is presumably starving because of the significant issue of proportioning during the war. Further on in the scene, another significant issue is featured by visual silliness. Blackadder put two pencils up his noses and a couple of underwear on his head; attempting to exhibit that he has gone frantic and ought to be sent home right away. Blackadder had altered his perspective on going over the top; he was frightened of the unavoidable demise that anticipated him there. Blackadder was as a rule expert dynamic, however tragically his arrangement fizzled. Towards the finish of the scene, we see General Melchett conversing with Officer Darling. While Melchett is wearing his sleep time clothing, he is additionally donning and surprising looking thing: a hairnet covering his mustache. To the crowd this strengthens the way that they think his is disappointed; a strange character. A ton of emotional gadgets are utilized to add to the importance of one explicit piece of the scene. The social and chronicled setting and the significant issues encompassing war. Emotional gadgets are added to the visual diversion to strengthen the criticalness of the scene. For instance, Field Marshall Haig takes a broad brush and thumps down a few toy fighters off a counterfeit front line, and into a dustpan. This emotional gadget connotes how senior individuals from the military position, who were not battling on the forefront, didnt care what number of men were being butchered by the German troopers. Major issues, for example, apportioning, water-logged channels, the Christmas Truce and the way that Baldrick didnt even know why the war had started. The significant issue of proportioning is featured by the recently referenced espresso scene, including Baldrick and Officer Darling, and Baldrick eating a cigarette. The Somme Public Baths, no running, yelling or trifling in the shallow end, this engaging discourse that Blackadder presents into the phone collector is quickly advising the watcher that is would be conceivable to swim in the channels. Again featuring a major issue, this time the issue is water-logged channels. We hear the three primary characters Blackadder, Lieutenant George, and Baldrick discussing the past Christmas, when there had been a truce. The English and German soldiers played football on no-keeps an eye ashore. The gunfire had halted they endeavored to trade cigarette cards, and had broken Christmas welcome for one another. When inquired as to whether he could recollect the Christmas Truce, Blackadder answers Remember? How might I overlook? There was no chance I was off-side. This again is adding an amusing edge to a difficult circumstance. Toward the finish of the scene, the warriors take their situations at the base of the stepping stools that they will move to go over the top. A consistent drumbeat is played; this is proposed to give the impact of a moving toward execution. The whistle is blown and all men advance up the stepping stools and over the top. All the characters shout, the German fighters open fire before theyre even off the stepping stools. The scene changes to slow movement and blasts happen surrounding them. A reverberated piano gradually plays the topic tune; this is an emotive gadget, as it makes a solemn air. The perspective on the fighters on the front line encompassed by security fencing, gradually changes into the field as it was in 1989. Congested with poppies, grasses and different blossoms;

Bank One Financial Case Study Sample

Bank One Financial Case Study Sample Bank One Financial Case Study Aug 13, 2019 in Case Studies Introduction Bank One has been an asset and liability management company operating in the United States giving out loans and funding mortgage to its customers across the wide divide. It is headquartered in Columbus, Ohio with regional presence in 12 states. The bank operated with $76.5 billion in assets, which made it the eighth largest bank in the US and the largest holding bank in Ohio. The bank had 78 affiliates operating as subsidiaries and other 10 non-banking organizations in its business operations. The strategy of the company was to concentrate on the retail markets and the middle-market commercial customers; enhancing customer service and managing the affiliates using technology, and acquisition of new profit-making banks. How did Bank One Manage Interest Rate risks? Cite and Briefly Explain one of the Examples given in the Case Bank One had interests in the investment of the derivatives where it had taken more than the required amount with cases of overstating its margins and return on assets by 1.31% and 0.20% respectively. The Bank also was creating a decline in its tangible equity-to-asset ratio by 1.55% after adjustments were done. It had continued to grow its derivative portfolio risks with an increase from $23.4 billion to $31.5 billion within one quarter in its notional principal. The bank had a policy of acquiring other holding banks while maintaining their operations to add into its assets thus managing the interest rates. The bank had to match the asset maturity with its liabilities to control the interest rates (Esty, Turano Headley, 2008, p.4). The bank had used the tactic of matching the interest rates with the contractual maturity of its financial commitments for over 24 years thus balancing the assets, and the liabilities ensured the interest rate was maintained. Keeping enough funds in liqu id investments for quick reaction to cash demands, controlling exposed interest rates and earnings from swings, and controlling the banks capital when achieving its targets ensured the banks interests rates were in control. Measuring maturity gap was also used to detect and predict interest rates growing. Chat now Order now What are the Regulations that Affected Bank One Capital Requirements? The Tax Reform Act passed in 1986 had effect on the performance of financial institutions including Bank One. The tax reform enables the banks to scrap the deductions used as expenses on interests while financing municipal bond investment. There is the office of the US Comptroller of the currency that hives guidelines and regulations to national banks. The comptroller issued directives for swaps and other financial strategies used by the national banks. Another controlling body was the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) that required minimal disclosure of the Banks swap portfolio as they acted like off-balance-sheet properties. Bank One had voluntarily disclosed the swap portfolios against the FASB regulation. The Case Mentions Risk-adjusted Capital Requirements for Different Categories of Assets with Different Weights based on their risk. Do you think those are Justified? Yes, they are justified as different assets may require different conditions in their financing. As quoted on page 5, Bank Ones basic portfolios were asset sensitive apart from its balance sheet. This indicated that changes in the asset dealing could translate to huge changes in financial gains or losses. Since most of the assets were indexed to the prime rate, any change on the Interest rate could bring large changes due to its sensitivity. To factor in the small changes, the risk-adjustment capital requirements had to be tailor-made to fit the situation. The use of simulations to cater for interest changes advocated for different risk-adjusted capital requirements. The difference in maturity of the assets and the liabilities called for the maturity gap analysis, which ensured that the interest margin is maintained, and therefore, the margin of earnings made secure from the transactions. There were advantages that Bank One had by using swap system for financial liabilities and asset s. This enabled more and improved banks liquidity; the financial statements would appear convincing as the swap application would feature on the income statement but not on the balance sheet. How did Bank One avoid Capital Requirements? Bank One reduced the need of capital to further their objectives by adopting swap application. Swap, against the other conventional securities investments, reduces the amount needed to invest while meeting a set objective. The capital requirements arose from international agreement held at Basel referred to as Basel Accord, which had been signed by national and international bankers. Since swaps were off-the balance sheet transactions, the bank would use the swap money to invest and achieve its objectives while maintaining the required regulatory standards. The bank was also secured by using the swap money after meeting the deadlines set by the US banking regulations. The bank was comfortable with using swap, which resembled floating-rate capital. By adjusting the characteristics of the balancing assets, Bank One had the possibilities of matching the existing assets with the liabilities thus getting enough capital for investment. Another way to avoid capital requirement was to use de rivatives and investments as substitutes for each other. For instance, selling floating-rate investment to earn or increase the share of fixed-return investments for other investments. The bank could also use the proceedings from other businesses to buy a three-year fixed-rate treasury bonds. Such action would leave the net flow at zero but with increased relative magnitude in the banks fixed-rate portfolio. Swap has been used as a tool for risk management with control of interest rates. Briefly Discuss Some of the Risks, as per the Case, Bank One Faced The risks set with the increased swap investments that are above the normal set standard. With higher off-balance sheet investments, any drastic change in the interest rates for both the assets and liabilities can bring huge changes in marginal returns. The bank also risks the falling of rates with more investment in the volatile derivatives that can bring effects of declining tangible equity-to-asset ratio that can lead to sensitive changes affecting operations of the company. Are Derivatives Better for Bank Management? Discuss the Topic Such derivatives as swap, CMOs (collateral mortgage obligation) and AIRS (Amortizing interest rate swaps) have been used in the financial sector to improve financial standings. Swap, for instance, provides many benefits for banking investments where the banks can increase their fixed-rate investments while not affecting their balance sheet. The derivatives have been supported by government and other financial institutions but with limited use. Another derivative, MBSs (mortgage-backed securities) that provides lower than expected after-tax yield has been used to replace municipal bonds and other non-responsive financial investments. If managed with regulations, the swap can help improve financial performance of banks. The case is compromised when imbalances in the invested assets and the liabilities do not match especially when they are based on the prime rates. Why do you think Bank One Stock Price Matters for its Acquisition of other Banks? It matters since the asset and the adopted capital should be used to generate more money and make the bank strong. The Stock price affects the public image where customers are sensitive lot who can forecast the changes in earnings per share and the interests. The changes lead to great changes including massive migration of customers. Dissatisfying stock performances create unstable market forces for the company thus harmonizing the new acquisitions with the Bank Ones stock prices is best to control any big marginal changes. Looking for custom case study? Then Writessay.org would be the best choice for you as it provides quality custom case study help for students.

Development of Children’s Language Awareness in English...

Development of children’s language awareness in English teaching materials Abstract The paper will focus on the concept of language awareness in the context of young learners. The whole language approach, inductive approach and implicit grammar teaching are advocated in early language education as children by the age of 10 are not able to understand abstract rules and principles. However, for languages to develop naturally grammatical categories have to be present in the instructions. Namely, YL encounter chunks, phrases and sentences, which are learnt in chants, rhymes, songs and stories, to express functions. Then, early foreign language education, including grammar teaching, can be viewed as consciousness raising process or†¦show more content†¦Namely, it is suggested to introduce discovery grammar activities (problem solving activities), for example YL listen to a story and sequence pictures in the correct order. It is both the process of solving tasks and teaching grammar as the consciousness-raising process (cf. Ellis, 2002, 167-174 in Richards and R enandya). The idea is to provide opportunities for meaning-focused language use – communication. Development of language awareness in primary schools can occur in three following stages: 1) Noticing new language structures: teachers focus children’s attention to the forms of the target language so they perceive the structure and meaning. 2) Structuring knowledge of the target language system: YL manipulate forms and meanings of the structures in controlled practice (for example drills). 3) Proceduralizing: YL use the target language fluently and communicate in the controlled context (cf. Batstone, 1994:51-54). 2. Research aims The idea is to analyse a selected number of syllabuses and course books to identify the latest approaches to teaching grammatical categories in primary schools. There is one major aim: 1. To analyse English instructional materials (syllabuses and course books) for YL in terms of raising their language awareness and teaching grammatical categories. The analysis of syllabuses involves three detailed aims: a) to analyse principlesShow MoreRelatedLanguage Is Used For Social And Cultural Communication837 Words   |  4 PagesOral Language: Language is used for social and cultural communication. Students enter school with a language base (standard or non-standard English) that teachers must build on. Oral language communication is deeply rooted in learning to read and write. Oral language development lays the foundation for students’ development of phonological awareness skills. Teachers can build literacy experiences around students’ language skills. Teaching Tips Rich teacher talk: during reading and writing teachersRead MoreHow Language Is The Key Element For Teaching Language And Literacy1310 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage is a human phenomenon, and the course of human evolution then transformed into varieties of cultures where different dialects and languages were established all over the world. Language provides opportunities for learning new concepts and new ways for understanding the world. Culture is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, moral goals, values, and behaviour. Social-Cultural inclusivity is the crucial element for teaching language and literacy in the classroom. Discussing languageRead Morecompetency statement 3780 Words   |  4 PagesPennsylvania Department of Education Bureau of Career Technical Education CDA-Ready Certificate Documentation Infant/Toddler (Developed from The Child Development Associate: Assessment System and Competency Standards Infant/Toddler Caregivers in Center-based Programs, Second Edition,  ©2006, www.cdacouncil.org ). Student Name: _______________________________________________________________ School: Instructor: ___________________________________________________________ Instructor ContactRead MoreCharacteristics Of The English Language Learners1026 Words   |  5 PagesLinguistic diversity is when a student’s first language is not the language of instruction at school. According to Garcia, American Standard English is seen as a vital tool for success in the United States which affects reading abilities of English language learners. Since the implantation of No Child Left Behind and Common Core, English language learners have to a second language and complex academic materials. Teacher have to understand the English language learners face unique challenges when learningRead MoreLink Between Language And Culture1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The material I chose to evaluate is the official English textbook ‘Go for it!’ (Grade 9) published by People s Education Press. It is widely used in Mainland China as a standard teaching material of national compulsory education. This book is prepared for Chinese teenage aged 13-15 who are the beginners of English study. In this report, I intend to evaluate Unit 1‘How do you study for a test?’ and Unit 12 ‘ You’re supposed to shake hands.’, using what I have learned as well as my ownRead MoreLiteracy Is A Fundamental Basis Of A Student s Academic Success1179 Words   |  5 PagesLiteracy is a fundamental basis of a student’s academic success. Without the skills of language, reading, and writing, children will have limited academic, economic, social, and emotional success in school and later in life (Maddox Fung, 2013, p.3). According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress, 33% of U.S. students in elementary schools read below the basic reading level (NAEP, 2009). During this time, the Common Core initiative was in works to ensure that all students across AmericaRead MoreScience, Math, And Music Centers1634 Words   |  7 Pagesintellectual development that makes up a child’s preschool years. These developments include receptive and the chi ld’s expressive language skills of the children, self-regulation, and attention regulation. The hands-on type activities of science let the teachers observe and can respond to the child’s strengths and their needs. Science helps in language and literacy by adding non-fiction books that are a foundation for children to communicate in conversation with peers and their adults. The children’s vocabularyRead MorePROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s1300 Words   |  6 PagesPROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s greatest failure. We need to teach better writing and that happens through better instruction in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Writing can be explained through reading, note taking, and journaling. Students do not write enough and their writing is not from a varied amount of genres, such as expository, narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and journaling and note taking. MyRead MorePrimary School Teachers’ Awareness and the Use of Information and Communication Technology (Ict) in Teaching.4519 Words   |  19 PagesPRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ AWARENESS AND THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN TEACHING. Abstract This paper investigated primary school teachers’ awareness and the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study. The study was a survey design. The population of the study consisted of 889 primary school teachers’. 200 primary school teachers’ were the sample. Data were gatheredRead MoreDeveloping Appropriate Teaching Strategies Essay1859 Words   |  8 PagesDeveloping Appropriate Teaching Strategies Rebekah Dandeneau SOC12: Child Family Society (BMF1511A) Instructor: Jeanette Maxey March 30, 2015 Developing Appropriate Teaching Strategies Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) is a tool that teachers use to create active learning experiences in culturally diverse classrooms. Some issues that teachers may encounter are communication problems where some children in the classroom use English as their second language, keep some children

Basic Requirements Enter Organized Crime - 813 Words

VIEWERS READERS: I compose professional writings, such as Privacy Acts Research Papers. They are 100% plagiarism FREE. Throughout College In Criminal Justice, I have written over 50 papers. The average grade combined of ALL 50+ papers equates to 98%, seriously, even surprises me. Contact 646-625-8345-ASK FOR PAT Most customers use my writing abilities for composing an about me page on their website, or contract services to compose terms/conditions and private policies for web sites. Others contract me to learn and model my composition, not to†¦show more content†¦My blood was for an everlasting love and not an initiation. The blood of the finger is spilled onto an element bearing the symbolization of sainthood. The card is then set ablaze and the card is passed from hand to hand to avoid burn and pain. {https://sites.google.com/site/mafiafall08per5/initiation} Retrieved on 08-23-09 via net. The advantages of being in organized crime is the belief that one belongs to a group and feels they are confident in being. They know that if in need of help, they will have someone to stand-up for them. They are a very close knit family and feel alliance and affinity towards one another. A disadvantage in today’s culture is the transference of the aids virus. Seriously speaking, I wonder if Cosa Nostra takes precautions towards blood transference. Another disadvantage of being in organized crime is the wellbeing of mind. It is unethical and downright outlawed in the first place. They may targeted and blamed for crimes that may occur and can be victims of false accusations. I also believe it is a disadvantage because of the mere fact of the name that was derived, Our Thing†. Our Thing, Being of a Italian decent, I find the Italians lacked imagination, creativity, and down right ignorance. Cosa Nostra, our thing, should be renamed into something that TRADITIONALLY and expeditiously shows the intelligence of the Italians and not simplicity in thinking. DAAAA? ReferencesShow MoreRelated Purpose And History Of SWAT Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesT. SWAT. The acronym invokes so many thoughts - danger, fighting crime, shootings, heavily artillery, TV, movies and more. The reality of SWAT is that it is all of that and more. When the acronym is fully expanded it translates to special weapons and tactics or as it was originally developed, special weapons assault team. SWAT is a specialized, elite police unit trained to execute dangerous and specific operations that basic and even intermediate police training is not intended to handle. CommonlyRead MoreA Short Note On Visa Program Vs. Visa Programs1746 Words   |  7 PagesH-2 visa program? How do the employer sponsorship requirements, work protections, problems, and litigation trends, and other components of the programs compare? Short Answer The J-1 visa program is very unlike the H-2 visa program in design, oversight, and regulation. The J-1 visa program contains 15 different categories of participants, where some, such as secondary students, are generally not allowed to work. Furthermore, sponsor requirements for the J-1 visa program are not at the employer levelRead MoreCriminal Justice System : Crime, Policing, Courts, And Corrections3651 Words   |  15 Pagesshould take place in four sections: crime, policing, courts, and corrections. Crime occurs ubiquitously in the world; crime is so common that there is an entire profession made to study why crime occurs, there is also another profession meant to enforce the laws that define what is criminal. South Korea, like most other countries, has a common requirement to enter their criminal justice system: committing a crime is the first step in the process. The most common crime that occurs in South Korea is someRead MoreEssay on The Russian Mob4523 Words   |  19 Pa gesThe Russian Mob: Organized Crime in a Fledgling Democracy Since the late 1980’s the Russian people have experienced one of the most drastic transitions seen in the world to date, a transition from an attempt at communism to a workable capitalist system. As one would expect, this transition has not been painless and has been the impetus of many distressing problems for the Russian people. One such problem is organized crime. This paper will explore how organized crime during Soviet rule andRead MoreObtaining Physical And Other Evidence Essay1967 Words   |  8 Pagesthere is a crime. This is called a â€Å"Terry Stop†. This is because in the case Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures is not violated when a police officer stops a suspect on the street and frisks him or her without probable cause to arrest, if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is commi tting, or is about to commit a crime and hasRead MoreIdentify Risk Issues And The Options For Controlling Them3452 Words   |  14 Pagesinto key concepts of the organization in complying with the legal and regulatory requirements in arising threats. The assessment of risk in a convenience store that is located on a busy thoroughfare from Chattanooga, TN to Huntsville, AL, is for the safety of the customers, vendors and employees. The risks are not limited to the sales of merchandise, but also to the safety of the public environmentally and all who enter the property. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose 2.0 PLANNINGRead MoreThe Career Of A Police Officer1919 Words   |  8 PagesBig Stick†. The Watch system was composed of community volunteers Whose primary duty was to warn of impending danger. Boston created a night watch in 1636, New York in 1658 and Philadelphia in 1700. The night watch was not a particularly effective crime control device. Watch men often slept or drank on duty. While the Watch was theoretically voluntary, many â€Å"volunteers† were simply attempting to evade military service. They were conscript forced into service by their town, or were performing watchRead MoreMaslow S Theory Of Motivation And Hierarchy Of Needs2239 Words   |  9 Pagesunderstanding the needs of a person. The Hierarchy of Needs sorts the needs of the lowest and most basic levels to the higher levels. Maslow then arises within their theory of personality, the concept of hierarchy of needs, which needs are structurally organized with varying degrees of power, according to a bi ological determination given by our genetic makeup as the agency human species. The hierarchy is organized so that the deficit needs are in the lower parts, while development needs are in the highestRead MoreEffects Of Early Intervention Programs On School Readiness2007 Words   |  9 PagesEffects of Early Intervention Programs on School Readiness Elizabeth Collins A Research Project Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master in Urban Education Union University March, 2016  Students should be socially and academically ready prior to kindergarten entry, however students from low socioeconomic backgrounds enter kindergarten lacking the necessary academic and social skills. These foundational academic and social skills are needed for students toRead MoreThe Career Of A Police Officer1938 Words   |  8 PagesBig Stick. The Watch system was composed of community volunteers Whose primary duty was to warn of impending danger. Boston created a night watch in 1636, New York in 1658 and Philadelphia in 1700. The night watch was not a particularly effective crime control device. Watchmen often slept or drank on duty. While the Watch was theoretically voluntary, many volunteers were simply attempting to evade military service. They were conscript forced into service by their town or were performing watch

Teen Obesity Free Essays

When I was a teenager I faced obesity myself. Going through high school was the hardest thing ever. I weighed over two hundred pounds and I was constantly getting bullied and made fun of. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Obesity or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I was at home all I did sit around watch TV, play video games, and eat constantly. I never thought of going outside and doing physical fitness. Well one day I was lying in my bed and I was thinking about what I was doing to myself and how one day I could possibly not be here anymore if I keep doing what I am doing. My senior year of high school was a big change in my life. I lost over seventy pounds and I felt great about myself. Teenage obesity is getting worse over the years in America. The growth rates of teen obesity increasing are stunning. The reasons why teens are becoming obese are because of less activity or inactivity, excess TV watching, and fast food restaurants. First cause of teen obesity is less activity or inactivity of teenagers. Teenagers are more likely to become obese if they do not perform any activity at all or they are not doing enough activity to burn off calories and carbohydrates that cause fat build up in the body. Many television studies show that teenagers who have television sets in their bedrooms tend to watch TV more which can lead to inactivity†. (Teenage Obesity pg. 1) In order to prevent teens from becoming obese they must stay involved in some type of activity like sports, running, walking, bike riding, swimming, and etc†¦ these activities must be done every day or at least five times a week. Also parents can be a big cause of teen obesity. The reason why is because lots of parents don’t care about their children doing activities. If parents were raised doing whatever they wanted to do then more than likely their children are going to be raised the same way. Some parents are suffering from obesity themselves so this shows that their children are looking at their parents as being lazy and the children think they can do the same thing which leads the children to inactivity. Second cause of teen obesity is excess TV watching. TV watching is the main cause of teen obesity. The reason being is because teens tend to get addicted to TV shows and video games which leads them to become couch potato’s. Couch potato’s are caused by teens who sit, immobile, watching a screen instead of playing sports. A second view ties TV watching to eating, either through a barrage of ads or because teens snack while watching†. (ScienceDaily Pg. 1) â€Å"25% shows that television watching causes teens to snack largely on junk food because of food commercials that intimidate teens†. (ScienceDaily Pg. 1) Teen agers that sit on the couch and watch TV for excess amounts of hours causes the body to build up excess fat because there is nothing being burned off. Not only is TV causing teens to be overweight but video games are another big factor in teen obesity. â€Å"Children with higher weight status spent moderate amounts of time playing electronic video games†. (ScienceDaily Pg. 1) Video games become so addicting to teens that right when they get home from school they head straight to the couch to play. This causes teens to become lazy and obese. Final cause of teen obesity is Fast food restaurants. Fast food restaurants are a leading cause to teenage obesity. The reason why is because teens have no clue what they are ordering or if what they are eating is healthy for you or not. Also lots of teens are lazy to eat something from home, so they head out to a fast food restaurant where they can eat a lot of food for cheap money. Parents are a big reason for this because when parents have to work during the day they get tired and when they get home there too lazy to cook anything for their children so they take them out to dinner for fast food because again it’s cheap. Fast food contains high saturated fats and calories. Fast foods are packed with high amounts of sugar, carbohydrates, oil etc. Even small amount of fast food can increase your calorie intake considerably. †(YgoY Pg. 1) All of these lead to obesity. Another reason that fast food causes teens to be obese is because it is very addicting. It’s addicting because of the taste, advertisements, and it’s cheap to buy. â€Å"According to research, teenagers who eat fast food two times a week their obesity risk increases by 50%†. YgoY Pg. 1) Fast food eating leads teens from eating fruits and vegetables because of the addiction to the taste of fast food which cause obesity to rise in teens. In conclusion teen obesity is rising every year in America. The only way to stop this from rising is on the parents and on how they should raise their kids and to show them the right way not the wrong. I main causes of teen obesity are inactivity or less activity, excess TV watching, and fast food restaurants. How to cite Teen Obesity, Essay examples

Zara analysis free essay sample

Introduction ZARA is one of the trendy garment retailers as an important brand in portfolio of Inditex. With development of technology and extension of market, ZARA has expanded to over 1,500 stores in 44 countries, since founded at a Spanish town called La Coruna in 1975. In internationalization process, Zara employed various retailer formats, especially online shops, to complement weakness in traditional in-store purchase. Moreover, current development status of e-tailling is attractive for Zara to entry when facing increasingly fierce competition. Apparently, this â€Å"clicks-and-bricks† approach makes sense to some degree. This article demonstrates rationale why ZARA launched online store by combining academic theories with situational audits. Furthermore, it proposes several recommendations to optimize current online retailing. Obviously, it is meaningful to research Zara which is a leader in textile retailer. As one of biggest garment retailer, its behaviour sets an example for other rivals, even brings a new model for this industry in further development. Owing to stimulus from success of Zara, resource allocation or even industrial structure might be recombined. On the other hand, it proposes a new purchase belief or lifestyle, which should be suitable to several time-pressured consumers. Therefore, rationale why wither choose this articles is apparent based on contextual statements. 2. Zara has been landing in online retailing After success of online retailing store in Spain, trendy fashion retailer Zara planed to install web store in France, Italy, Portugal and the UK, in 2010 September. Until to 2011, Zara boasted it had extended its online presence to customers in more than sixteen European countries, Japan and US. Rationale for e-tailing uses in European countries Zara has expanded European market via building online channel. In following essay, it would analyse what and how variables entice Zara’s practice by integrating academic knowledge and situational analysis.   Superiority of internet retailing With popularization of computer science in society, net accessed by personal computer has being accepted as a professional and interactive mainstream intermediary. For several social departments, searching information through internet has been regarded as a habit in daily life. Virtual shop owes its inherent advantages compared to other retailing classes in following aspects (Rosemary Mohammed, 2004): The most prominent characteristic of e-tailing retailer is selling via network instead of entity store, which is beneficial to decrease dependence on specific location. As a manner to approach sophisticated retailer that may be geographically distant to customer, net helps virtual retailers to communicate with consumers and cover wider target market by providing home shopping service. Unlike store-based retailers, it is unnecessary for sellers to possess physical space for inventory or exhibition. Internet is adopted as a display platform and transaction mechanism, namely delivery commodity directly after completed transaction. It reduces operating costs to a great extent if deducting rental fees, operational expenditure and relatively higher labour salaries. As previous empirical research showed, average transaction cost is around $15 per transaction in traditional retailing compared to approximately $0. 3 in virtual resale (Philipps et al., 1997). This huge difference between costs induces retailer join in virtual retailing markets extremely. In comparison to catalogue retailer, internet dealer also holds own advantages. On the one hand, expense in producing and distributing catalogue is much higher and information cannot be updated promptly on catalogue. On the other hand, online shop display merchandise without upper restriction on size of catalogue or quantity of product represented. .Considering its social influence, e-tailing impels a new home-shopping device, capacitating time-pressured and less flexible consumers to purchase regardless of limitation on shop business hours. Moreover, it also implies that clients can eliminate time spending in visiting shops or waiting in  queue, which is the most boring part in shopping. Besides enlarging target market, it also proposes a fashionable shopping belief which is popular among young people.   Situational audits Zara undertake online retailing in European countries according to comparative environment and own marketing strategy except for advantages of e-tailing. The following part reveals how Inditex draft development device according to specific situation. Firstly, recent years witnessed a rapid rise in online retailing sales; namely, the significance of web store use is displayed among retail sector gradually. As facts demonstrated by U. S. Census Bureau, online quarterly sales increased stably at 28% from 2000 to 2007. In the duration, the average growth rate of total retail sales only made up 4. 5% (U. S. Census Bureau, 2007). With popularization of internet use, a growing number of net users create niche market in retailing industry, who becomes potential consumer. Concededly, it holds enormous growth potential although online transactions only generate a small portion of total retail sales. Therefore, Zara intend to seize the opportunity to reach expanded target market. Secondly, biggest rivals have launched and succeeded in virtual store in succession. On the one hands, as Jeremy demonstrates, brand that has not referred to online presence suffers a huge threat from competitors’ dramatic increase in online turnover. Obviously, rivals’ aggressive expansion in online market creates a threat to Zara’s sales. In order to maintain even enlarge market share, Zara participates in online retailing competition under compulsion. On the other hand, competitor’s success strengthens Zara’s confidence in web retailing. Meanwhile, it also offers a model used on guide strategy implement on internet. Facing increasingly fierce competition, hence Zara plan to occupy virtual market via installing online shops as soon as possible. Thirdly, online retailing complements in-store selling profitably. Online stores will comfortably supplement its extensive store estate by means of providing extra service to consumer, especially dispelling restriction on time and space. Moreover, Zara’s entry to the online retail has opened access to an enormous source of data that can be collected and analyzed to improve corporate business strategy and marketing device in further development. The gathered massages can be used for designing and executing Zara’s own marketing initiatives, such as direct mailing (n. a. , 2012). Finally, characteristics of e-tailing correspond with its marketing strategy. Zara  has adopted pattern  that manufacture and replenish constant new products in invasive price to develop curiosity and make it indispensable for a regular visit simultaneously. E-tailing can lessen expenditure on store operation efficiently and thereby decrease costs which is closely linked with price. Meanwhile, virtual shops renew catalogue in time that satisfy needs of fast fashion industry. Furthermore, most internet shoppers are in 20 to 30 years old, which is coincidence with target market of Zara. Considering realistic significance of virtual retailing, it is reasonable for Zara’s entry. 2. 2 Recommendation for virtual retailing in further development Until now, Zara’s website has been built, which installed online interactions between seller and buyer ranging from the point customers visit in retailer’s web to the point retailers fulfill consumer order (Field et al. , 2004 and Smith et al, 2007). During whole process, Zara has formulated a series of management measures to control performance in e-tailing. In the first place, it matches online price to those in physical store across each country. In term of payment approach, this transactional website accepts lump-sum payment by credit cards or debit card. Secondly, there is no charge for shoppers to delivery merchandise when they purchase at Zara online store. Furthermore, consumer also can require delivery channel by express courier or regular post according to their situation. Thirdly, e-store is constantly renewed by updated items when entity shops exhibit new arrivals. Finally, this web offers same exchanges and returns policy as in physical store. That superior after-sales service lifts customers’ worries to some degree (Susan, 2011). However, besides previous efforts, Zara is required to make a progress in following areas for the sake of perfecting online retailing (Alba et al. , 1997). Recommending related merchandise Unlike traditional in-store retailing, electronic sellers facilitate one-stop shopping and enhance service quality via offering various complementary products. Relying on personalization technologies, retailers provide customized features online, namely complex catalog navigation and tailoring of the purchase process For example, customer is provided with recommendations of products that the customer might be interested in, based on the product searched for or those previously bought by the customer. Given this popular marketing approach, Zara web can suggest best-seller in season or complementary product accord with items based on current or previous buying. Moreover, it also should advise several garments in similar style in accordance with purchase history. It allows Zara to deliver trust built from one merchandise area to another consequently maximizing possibility of cross-buying and rising sales. Improving distribution system As one of main variables to restrain internet retailing development, order fulfillment is considered as an obstacle to expand electronic market. Additionally, distribution expenses and efficiency are regarded as factors which influence shopping decision. Actually, Zara indeed has set few policies in this area before. Besides those previous measures, Zara can recruit specialist and build logistics system to supervise online order, inventory management, and goods distribution. During the process, staff should check every order and deliver merchandise as soon as possible. This efficient distribution system not only helps Zara to satisfy current consumer, but also strengthen own competitiveness compared to other online rivals. Offering good consumer service The quality of online buying process affects consumer purchase decision, satisfaction and loyalty (Zeitham et. al. , 2002 and Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2003). Like other retailing approaches, transaction disputes happen inevitably across online shopping process, which mainly contains unpunctual order arrival, unqualified products and payment problem. To be competitive, sellers are not only required to supply high-class merchandise, but also offer a pleasant shopping experience via superior service to ensure whole process is responsive and convenient for consumers (Lqbal, et. al. , 2003). Therefore, it is necessary to improve relationship between buyers and sellers by improving consumer service. For this purpose, Zara should arrange personnel to answer questions before purchase, help consumer to complete complex transaction during purchase, and optimize after-sales service, especially respond or deal with consumer complains. For example, the website retailer can retrieve personal account information which is then automatically store in personal account of consumer for the sake of facilitating consumer to review past searching or purchase and track order in shipment. Favorable shopping experience should increase repeat purchase behaviour to some degree. Managing customer relationship In the highly competitive virtual marketplace where cost of retaining a customer is lower than recruiting a new one, relationship marketing take on an added importance. Zara can communicate with existing customers to advertise online, show updated products, and inform new promotions. For example, the website supplies the alternative of receiving reminder of special events or message about new arrivals. If complete payments, consumer will receive homologues voucher which can be used in next transaction automatically. Apparently, this act is available to increase repeat purchase, build customer loyalty and at least retain current market share. 3. Conclusion This article mainly discusses retailing marketing concepts which is contained in news as appendix. On the on hand, the essay explains the rationale why Zara launched online retailing store, which contains inherent superiority of online store and appropriate environment. On the other hand, writer proposes several recommendations, including merchandise assortment supply, distribution efficiency rise, consumer service improvement and customer relationship management. As predicted, with improvement in web retailing and economic resurgence, Zara’s virtual retailing will boom; and hence Zara will adjust current economic growth pattern to flourishing online marketplace. Furthermore, thanks to stimulate from success of several giants in virtual market, fast fashion industry will recombine resource allocation at a certain extent. The group already sells a home range online, but its revamped website will offer fashion lines which have only been available in its stores until now. The push into cyberspace is seen as a defensive move that comes amid fears of a decline in High Street spending. HM will follow in the next fortnight; Gap began online sales for the first time outside the US last month. Consumer confidence is waning and many fear a further economic slowdown. Online fashion sales, meanwhile, are proving resilient. At rival Next, for instance, first-half sales in stores fell 1. 5%, while its home shopping business saw sales rise 7. 8%. Further strength in internet trading has been reported by Asos, the online market leader, which said sales rose 54% during the January-to-March quarter when compared with the same period a year earlier. Online growth Online retail sales have boomed as more people get high-speed internet connections and time-pressed shoppers take advantage of shopping from home or work, according to industry observers. Shopping on the net is expected to see sales grow to ? 94bn ($144 bn) in Western Europe by 2014, from ? 56bn in 2009, according to consultants Forrester. But online sales still only make up a small proportion of total sales. In the UK, only 8% of total sales in July were made online, according to the Office for National Statistics. Shops that dont have an online presence have noticed rival stores enjoying a dramatic increase in online sales, while their sales in shops have been pretty flat, according to Jeremy Baker, professor of marketing at the ESCP business school. Complement to existing stores Zaras online shop will soon be followed by HMs online shop, which will go live on 16 September. Gap and Banana Republic are already there, having opened their online operations outside the US for the first time, on 26 August. Online stores add to rather than cannibalize physical stores, hence they tend to bring in additional sales, according to industry observers. There is clearly demand for Zara product online, said Simon Chinn, retail consultant at Verdict Research. It will comfortably complement its extensive store estate, adding an extra level of service for its customers. Rapid growth Online retail sales are set to double in next three years Zara is liked by more than 4. 5 million people who have signed up as fans on Facebook. The key now is to convert those fans into customers. Inditex, Zaras parent company, has overtaken Gap as the worlds biggest clothing retailer by sales. Inditex chief executive, Pablo Isla, said: Customers should expect the launching of online selling for the groups other brands in coming years. The success of retailers such as the dedicated online fashion site Asos hints at how rapid the migration of sales from traditional stores to the internet is, especially among the 18-34 age group. Zara made a small profit in the year to the end of January 2010, after recording a sharp loss during the previous year. It is hoping to see a 10% rise in revenue linked to its online store.

Apple Disruptive Innovation free essay sample

The next products and services to be leased by the company did not only save the business but also [Dyer, Greenest Christensen, 2011]made a substantial impact in the global music industry which at the time was plagued with piracy. The digital hub strategy was an encompassing innovative strategy developed by Apple that rejuvenated the personal computer market, disrupted digital publishing and the music industry. The digital hub strategy took advantage that its discovery driven manager understood the capabilities of Apple has a business.The capabilities of the business was based on three main factors which are, its resources, its processes and its values. When these factors are meshed together with the DNA, vision and creativity of its leader, a resulting disruptive innovation was developed in the technology industry as a whole [Christensen,1997]. The tangible resources at Apple at the time the innovative digital hub strategy was developed consists of some discovery-driven people who were part of the initial team Apple started out with on the Apple l. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Disruptive Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These people have over the years been involved with experimenting and launching of innovative products during the early days of Apple as a company. Another tangible resources also available was he technologies Apple had. It was believed that Apple was the only company which owned the whole widget the hardware, the software and the operating system [Caisson, 2012] and could deliver an end to end solution, thereby controlling the user experience from all front. To create this digital hub, Apple had to depend mostly on the capabilities of the mimic, firework, the Macintosh and the ability of its software and hardware engineers to produce simple intuitive programs and products respectively. To elaborate further on the latter, Apple with its processes formal and informal always ensures across all teams communication, interaction and strong collaboration between its software and hardware engineers to transform resources into products and services[Christensen,1997]. The first foray into the digital market was with video.Apple realized that by creating a program that allows a user to not only record videos but can allow for personalization and recreation of a recorded video. According to Steve Jobs, this makes your camcorder ten times more valuable [Caisson, 2012]. This lead to the production of software applications or editing and which also allows the user burn digital videos to a DVD drive; movie, DVD. Similarly, technology of a consumer dri ve that could burn a DVD which Apple was the first to ship [Caisson, 2012]. The main drive for this complete innovation in the digital video market was to make the portable device easy to use by removing complicated functionalities manufacturers had cramped into these devices. The same strategy Nas used in digital photography. The mimic became the hub for portable cameras and software application; photo for editing pictures. However, there was an already existing competitor in this market, but because of the success of DVD and movie in digital video, creative people were more inclined to try out software applications developed by Apple for digital photography as well.As was mentioned above, the idea of a digital hub strategy embodied all classes of innovation incremental, radical, sustaining and disruptive. At this point where there was impact in the digital died and photography market, Apple was both incrementally and radically innovating in terms of technology focus but in a sustaining way to acquire more market share to remain in the technology market. The disruptive moment came for the company when it ventured into using the same strategy in the digital music market. The foray into the digital music was in similar fashion as into other digital markets.Learning from its mistake of not producing computers that had the ability to burn CDC, Apple developed software applications that made portable music devices ten times more valuable, Greenland for creating and mixing music; tunes for competition in this market, Apple was able to make an impact in the music revolution that was going on at the time by making tunes really simple and removing lots of extraction other music managing software had at the time. This in itself didnt disrupt the market but what came next did. In the same year, the company introduced its own portable media player the pod.The pod at the time of release questioned all the status quo concerning music and technology. It was the only media player that could hold up to a thousand songs and could fit into a pocket ultramontane. To realism this ultra portability, a lot of creative effort was put into the technology of hard drive th at was thin and small enough. Once this technology was achieved, combined with Apples own technology of firework fast transfer, it was easy enough to disrupt the music player market by producing a device that embodied the values of Apple in simplicity in marrying art, design and technology.Ninth complete integration with its own music management software, the device was simple and intuitive enough, because most functionalists where put in tunes that made the pod ten times more valuable. Cannibal Illumined Syllabi 1263626 sides owning the hardware that delivered great music experience and the software that managed music in the most intuitive and simple way, Apples aim to liver the best experience with music wasnt complete as there was no control of Inhere users acquired their music from.Moreover, at the time the music industry was trying so hard to resolve the issue of privacy. Apple realized early that one of the important use of the internet was for music delivery as it gives users near instant preview and mo st of all allowed for unauthorized usage of music. To solve the latter Nas the main need for the music industry. Apple was able to deliver a solution with the tunes store, which managed the technologies available the internet and a huge USIA database to provide a legal way for users to acquire music. The most part was getting the main players in the music industry to realism that Apple was the only company that could solve the problem as they had the hardware, software and could create a service that uses these resources. The role of Steve Jobs as the head of Apple was important in creating this service as he understood the great divide between the art industry as a whole and the technology industry [Caisson, 2012]. Ere creative people lacked how to maximize technology to their advantage which he noticed during his time at Paxar.Likewise, the technology industry had major shortfalls in creative designs when it came to their products. He leveraged on his capabilities to relate with suppliers, distributors and customers of the music Industry. With over 200,000 music available at launch, unbinding purchase of singles from an album and close integration with tunes which eliminates poor management of music files, the tunes Store, tunes and the pod disrupted the hole music and technolo gy industry.Finally, it can be said that the whole digital hub strategy could only have been delivered by Apple which understood its abilities of having resources like Steve Jobs a discovery driven manager and other people like him, a brand, different technologies and expertise which have been developed over time, processes that ensure close collaboration between teams to transform resources into products and service and values that reflect simplicity by blurring the line between art, design and technology. This strategy would begin the transformation of Apple from being a computer maker into being the worlds most liable company. [locations, 2012] NH It is Disruptive Disruptive innovation transforms a product or service that was expensive and implicated that only a few people with a lot of money and skills had access to.Disruptive innovation makes it so much more affordable and accessible to a much larger population Christensen Clayton [Christensen,1997] Apple went through the different forms of innovation incremental sustaining innovation, radical sustaining innovation, incremental disruptive innovation and radical disruptive innovation before succeeding in being disruptive. One of the transformation understood, was to change the market context it operated in. Before the digital hub strategy, Apple was leveled to be in the personal computer (PC) market.The PC market was in a decline and it was used mostly for professional use. Software applications were developed to improve producti vity in the business context. Figure 1: Business Model Personal Computers User 70% Business Professionals 30% Everyday Creative Individuals Value Capture Value Creation Improved Productivity Value Prop MIDGET Personal Computers Ere digital hub strategy disrupted the PC market in the sense that it made the capabilities of the PC more accessible to a larger population which was everyday retrieve users.Using the same model as seen in Fig. In which the real value creation Nas improved productivity but for creative and art contents like video, photography and music. Despite the fact that manufactures of portable devices that delivered alee creation for creative and art contents tried so hard to cramp more functionalities to improve productivity relating to creating, editing and sharing these content, they got to a point of producing products that became complicated and difficult to use. Figure 2: Business Model Video Recorders User User Record VideoRecord Video, Personalize, Share MIDGET camcorder Oldie Recorder E re first innovation came from Apple solving this complex model by transferring some of the value creation of the portable devices (e. G video recorder) to the personal computer which was better at handling this functionalities due to its capabilities, for example the PC had a larger screen size. Incremental innovation was also carried out on the personal computer to carry out these functionalities faster. Example is the development of the DVD burn drive that allowed for easy creation and sharing of contents.

Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company

Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company Companies’ Background The two companies referred to in this study operate in the foods and beverages industry. In addition, the companies concentrate in the production of low calorie microwavable foods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Krafts Foods Inc. is a leading global manufacturer and marketer of beverages and packaged foods (MarketResearch.com, 2011). It has its headquarters in Northfield, Illinois, but also operates in the other continents. Low calorie microwavable products from the company fall under the convenient meals sector. For instance, cheese and Kraft Macaroni come in ready-to-heat pouches. Manute Foods Company is also a multinational foods company. It specializes in the manufacture and distribution of low calorie microwavable foods. Its operations are not as widespread as those of Krafts Foods I nc. However, its presence in the industry is significant. The organization operates from the state of Texas. Low Calories Microwavable Foods Market Structure and Companies Effectiveness Determination Plan Mankiw (2011) regards market structure as the number and types of competing firms operating in a given industry. Consumers across the US and the rest of the world are exhibiting increased preference for healthy and fat-free food products (MarketResearch.com, 2011). According to IMAP (2010), the global demand for convenience foods and increasing health consciousness are expected to facilitate continued growth in the low calorie microwavable foods sector. In addition, majority of the processed foods consumed in the world are packaged. Competition in the low-calories microwavable foods industry is intense. Krafts Foods Inc. competes with other global foods and beverages brands, not only in the low calorie microwavable foods sector. Some of the competitors include Tyson Foods (US), Dan one (France), and JBS (Brazil). Others are Kellog Co. (US), ConAgra Foods (US), and HJ Heinz Co. (US) (IMAP, 2010; Rayburn, 2014; Jambrak, 2012). In spite of the stiff competition, profits in this sector are relatively high. For instance, Krafts Foods Inc. recorded $42.2 billion in revenues in 2008 from its global operations. Operating profits and net income stood at $4.9 billion and $2.9 billion respectively (IMAP, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Krafts Foods Inc. market analysis above reveals that the low calories microwavable foods industry has a monopolistic competition market structure. The market is highly competitive, characterized by numerous operators (Yorke, 1984). The companies in this industry usually compete through the distribution of slightly differentiated products, albeit in the same line. Manute Foods Company exhibits these characteristics in line with the reality in the industry. The two companies analyzed in this paper are operating at the product-market competition level. Analyzing market effectiveness should indicate the two organization’s firm and industry performance in terms of profits. The market effectiveness plan should be based on the entities’ operational strategies. Business strategies should exhibit the ‘forward-looking’ ability of the venture in relation to the choices and investments made. In addition, they should anticipate the future actions of the firm and those of the competitors. Both Manute Foods Company and Krafts Foods Inc. should invest in markets that are characterized by viability and stability, as far as anticipated outcomes are concerned. Viability means that companies can make profits from the markets they are venturing. On the other hand, stability implies that entry into a new market will not lead to losses in the near future. Two Factors Likely to Cause Chang e in the Low Calories Microwavable Foods Monopolistic Competition Market Structure There are various factors that may affect the operations of the two companies. One of them includes regulations in relation to licensing and product quality. Strict licensing terms with regards to these products might lock out some companies. Such a scenario may limit the freedom of entry into the market and exit from this industry. In addition, the terms may reduce the number of firms operating in the industry (Yorke, 1984). Reduced competition will translate to higher profits and market share for the existing companies (Arslan Klaus, 1994). The structure of the market may also be altered by the increasing health consciousness among consumers in the food industry. What this means is that demand for these foods may rise, leading to a rise in the number of new entrants. As a result of this condition, competition in the industry will increase. In light of this, the two companies may be eliminated from the market, in addition to experiencing an erosion of their market share. Short-Run and Long-Run Production and Cost Functions and their Applications the Operations of Manute Foods Company Production is characterized by a number of processes. It involves a series of activities aimed at increasing the value and altering the utility of raw materials or inputs (Mankiw, 2011). Production function determines the relationship between the inputs and the products per unit of time (Collier, Sherell, Babakus Horky, 2014). The inputs may lead to massive costs for organizations if not well managed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The production and cost function for Manute Foods Company can be determined symbolically as follows: Q = f(Xa, Xb, Xc,†¦ Xn). Q represents total quantity of products per specified period. It takes into consideration specific combinations of inputs (Mankiw, 2011). Xn represents the quantity of the different types of inputs. Considering the market conditions, the production levels of Manute Foods Company can be determined or forecast using varying combinations of inputs within specified durations of time. Analysis of costs highlights the relationship between cost and production over a specified period. In essence, the cost function provides different results depending on the firm’s application of varying utilization or inputs percentages (Arslan Klaus, 1994). Businesses experience fluctuations in their long-run production costs. One of the main reasons behind these changes is sustained alterations in production levels over time. Whenever Manute Foods Company incurs losses or makes profits, long-run costs change. In the long term, fixed factors of production are non-existent (Mankiw, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The short run costs of Manute Foods Company, on the other hand, should accumulate throughout the production process in relation to the production function (Mankiw, 2011). However, it is important to note that fixed costs do not affect short-run costs. The only factors that influence production in the short term include revenues and variable costs, a fact applicable to Manute Foods Company. Short-run and long-run costs and production functions are very essential to managers. As already indicated, the low calorie microwavable foods industry is characterized by monopolistic competition. In the short term, such segments lack efficiency. The inefficiencies result from profit maximization and specified production levels in the industry (Collier et al., 2014). Managers at Manute Foods Company should determine industry market trends in advance. By so doing, they can forecast demand and compute the levels of input necessary to ensure that production meets the demand. The developments highlig hted above have various effects on stakeholders. For example, they may lead to a net loss to both consumer and producer surpluses. The managers of Manute Foods Company can maximize short-term profits from the results of the short-run production and cost functions. When the marginal revenues equal marginal costs from the function, the costs incurred can generate profit for the companies (Mankiw, 2011). Long-term cost and production functions can provide the low calorie microwavable foods managers with information necessary to their operations. For example, they can use the information to plan and implement business strategies. In addition, they can effectively plan for the current and the projected market environments. The information will aid them in making the appropriate production decisions. Efficiency in the long-run costs would also be sustained following the production of the desired quantities of products at the lowest possible costs (Mankiw, 2011). Managers can make other de cisions that affect the status of their organizations from the production and cost functions. For example, they can decide to expand or decrease the size of the companies, change production quantities, and exit or penetrate other markets. Such decisions are based on the results obtained from the production and cost functions. Possible Situations for Discontinuing Operations by the Low Calorie Microwavable Foods Company The two foods company can cease their operations following a legal order faulting their criteria of production. The managers can contest the legal order if they believe their operations do not breach any regulations. Alternatively, the companies can opt to rectify their production systems to adhere to the regulations (Mankiw, 2011). The company can also terminate operations if they do not expect to generate profits or revenues from the industry in the near future. Such a scenario can arise from radical changes in consumption trends, rendering their products obsolete. Pricing Policy for Maximizing Profits in the Low Calorie Microwavable Foods Industry Mankiw (2011) defines psychological pricing as an effective marketing strategy. It involves basing the prices of products on such factors as quality, consumer’s value perceptions, and popular price points (Yorke, 1984). In the low calorie foods market, basing prices on consumer’s health value perception will maximize profits in the long term (Girz, Polivy, Herman Lee, 2012). As already indicated, consumer trends in the foods and beverage industry are changing. To this end, most consumers are adopting more health conscious consumption practices. In light of this, the proposed pricing policy will facilitate the development of positive perceptions among consumers as far as the products of the two companies are concerned. Evaluation of Financial Performance for the Low Calorie Microwavable Products Company A company’s financial performance indicates the financial health of the enti re firm. Evaluations of the performance are carried out from time to time (Mankiw, 2011). Organizations can use their financial performance to compare their position in relation to competitors in the industry. Return on equity would be appropriate in determining the performance of both Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company (Girz et al., 2012). The measure would indicate both profits and losses made by the companies, as well as the overall efficiency of the production costs. The return on equity metric has significant impacts on both long-term and short-term managerial decisions. The measure would also incorporate returns for all stakeholders. As a result, the managers have to focus on more than just the profits made by the company. Increasing Profitability and Stakeholders Value in the Low Calorie Microwavable Foods Industry Manute Foods Company and Krafts Inc. should exploit the growing demand for healthy and convenient food products. Conducting research on consumer demands an d developing products to meet identified requirements will enhance return on investments. Effective management of production costs and investment in long-term market targets would improve performance in the monopolistic competitive market (Mankiw, 2011). Positive returns mean increased profits for the companies and value addition to stakeholders. Reference Arslan, G., Klaus, B. (1994). Market structure and profitability in the U.S. food manufacturing industries. Atlantic Economic Journal, 22(1), 103. Collier, J., Sherell, D., Babakus, E., Horky, A. (2014). Understanding the differences of public and private self-service technology. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(1), 2-3. Girz, L., Polivy, J., Herman, P., Lee, H. (2012). The effects of calorie information on food selection and intake. International Journal of Obesity, 36(10), 1340-1345. IMAP. (2010). An IMAP consumer staples report: Food and beverage industry global report2010. Web. Jambrak, A. (2012). Application of high power ultrasound and microwave in food processing: Extraction. Journal of Food Processing Technology, 4(113), 1. Mankiw, G. (2011). Principles of economics (6th ed.). New York: Cengage Learning. MarketResearch.com. (2011). Kraft Foods, Inc.: SWOT analysis. Web. Rayburn, W. (2014). Improving service employee affect: The transformative potential of work design. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(1), 4-5. Yorke, D. (1984). Marketing and non-profit-making organizations. European Journal of Marketing, 18(2), 17-22.

Facility Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Facility Management - Essay Example ‘Green buildings provide financial benefits that conventional buildings do not’ (Kats 2003). This dissertation attempts to find an optimum path for green construction where the possibly higher costs of using sustainable technologies and materials can be offset by lower running costs of such facilities. Facilities management mainly deals with the management of facilities of communal buildings like offices, colleges, hospitals, etc. Facility management is very similar to property management but is in most cases applied to larger commercial properties where the operations and management of the building is more extensive and complex. Newer buildings and facilities need to be developed with a ‘green’ design basis, contextual relevance, cost sensitivity, adherence to building code as also the fundamental requirement of functioning in the best manner possible i.e. it is very important that the building serve its necessity (Atkins& Brooks, 2005). A green building consists of several aspects, including the building envelope, building services including HVAC, Electricals, IBMS, Efficient waste management (including solid waste and e-waste) and a Water Balance Plan that seeks to reach a point where all the amount of water that the facility needs is used productively within it. S tress on the importance on the building envelope in the ‘greening’ of a facility is obvious, as it is in many ways the first line of defence against wasteful energy expenditure. It may be considered like an epidermal covering that regulates the inside, as also indicated the status of components within the body. It is important as a gateway between the climate-controlled interior and the uncontrolled exterior environment. This allows for a differentiation from the surroundings and provides an entity for the building on its own (Barret & Baldry, 1991). The

Immigration Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration Policy - Term Paper Example This paper seeks to analyze the changes in immigration policy in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. From essay written by Lars Von Torne, it is apparent that the Canadian immigrant policy was evolved and adopted in order to foster and support cultural diversity. The writer has discussed the Taylor-Bouchard Commission, which concentrates on dealing with the issues related to immigration and their integration. The main aim of this commission was to offer an open channel for public in order to introduce and develop new ideas to deal with the issues related to immigrants. Furthermore, the commission concentrated on dealing with "already simmering debate and turn it into a nationwide discussion which quickly spread all over Canada as well as holding a few very interesting lessons for Germany (Trne, 555)." In order to avoid such issues, Canada had developed and implemented immigration policy, which based on equality and differed from the U.S policy. The Canadian immigrant policy concentrated on protecting the identities of the immigrants. However, immigrants are still engaged in lower j obs even though they are highly qualified. From the research conducted by Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, it was concluded that immigrants were most likely to receive less training as compared to their counterparts, who were born in Canada. ... From the research conducted by Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, it was concluded that immigrants were most likely to receive less training as compared to their counterparts, who were born in Canada. They recommended that a policy should be directed towards the immigrants, which would concentrate on improving their accessibility to training. They also concluded that special provisions should be introduced for both male and female immigrants, in order to ensure that they both have equal access to training. An immigrant training policy concentrates on improving and changing the job conditions for immigrants. It concentrates on polishing their skills as well as it would help them to assimilate in the workplace. From the research paper of Reed, it is evident that certain organizations have employed temporary foreign worker programs as a method of regulation, which is preferred by the government. The Canadian government has adopted the policy of temporary worker programs in order to provide training to immigrant workers and to maintain the Canadian custom of acknowledging and accepting immigrants on basis of economic and monetary benefits (Reed, 471). The temporary program provides ample opportunities, depending on the condition of the Canadian market (Reed, 484). However, such programs have several negative impacts. It is responsible for giving rise to neocolonial association, which created partialities and inequalities among countries. It also creates a distinction in the labor market, in which the skill level is used to determine citizenship and labor rights. Three Perspectives Structural Functional Theory From the structural functionalism, the society is considered to be system. From this perspective, a society is divided into different groups, which are mutually

Modifying Consumer Behaviour Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Modifying Consumer Behaviour Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay The use of plastic bags warrants attention in the sustainable consumption debate, especially when packaging accounts for a significant amount of the resources consumed and waste generated by our consumer lifestyles. Governments, retailers and manufacturers are striving to improve sustainability performance by finding ways to reduce plastic bag use. The authors have done sufficient research in providing a global perspective through approaches adopted by different countries in reducing their plastic use. For example, India banned the use of plastic bags while voluntary action is on the part of consumers and the business community to reduce plastic bag use in the UK. References obtained by the authors are credible and reliable as information was based on recent data and reputable sources. The authors also present a balanced view of both advantages and disadvantages of plastics bags. They are energy efficient to produce, cost-effective, convenient to store and easy to use. However, they have adverse impacts in terms of waste disposal and one significant problem is that plastic bags are non-biodegradable and take at least hundred years to decompose. When they break down in size, they kill marine animals which mistake the plastic bags for food and ingest them (Aldred, 2007). Plastic bags clog drainage systems and create pollution where discarded plastic bags float in oceans. Large amounts of money also have to be spent on cleaning up the plastic bags and the damages caused by them (Russo, 2012). However, the claim that many countries spend a substantial amount on cleaning up the plastic bags and the damages caused by them is not justified. In many cases, these claims are merely guesses by advocates instead of data based on actual studies, and cost is often thrown in as a justification after bans are enacted for political reasons (†¦). Science also does not support the fact that plastic bags do any genuine harm. Plastic bags end up doing less damage than other alternatives and the benefits that the bags offer far outweigh their cost. Independent studies also show that plastic bags are environmentally preferable to paper because plastic bags have a lighter environmental footprint than paper and when they are reused, they are preferable to the reusable plastic totes. In addition, current plastic bags use 70% less plastic than those of 20 years previously and account for less fuel to transport, fewer emissions than paper bags. Nevertheless, moderate reuse; plastic totes mad e from polypropylene are better for the environment even though plastic bags are a more environmentally friendly choice than paper bags and reusable totes. Due to the damaging environmental effects which plastic bags have, countries like Taiwan banned the use of plastics bags to reduce environmental issues such as litter and landfill. With a ban on plastic bags, funds would be redirected to infrastructures. Consumer demand shift toward other alternatives, creating more opportunities for entrepreneurs to come up with alternatives to plastic. Companies that manufacture reusable bags could also expand their product lines and create more jobs (..). However, research by †¦ revealed that banning of plastic bags would lead to an increase in paper bag production, resulting in a greater amount of methane being released in landfill. Other research also revealed that banning plastic bags does not help the environment as it increase carbon emissions and other environmental problems. Research by Lane showed that even though most of the waste in landfill sites comes from packaging, plastic bags form only a small fraction of the litter stream. They occupy lesser of the landfill space, leading to lesser greenhouse gases and pollution, as compared to wood and paper (British Retail Consortium News, 2007). I agree with the authors assumption that plastic-bag bans would not lead to a long-term solution in saving the environment. The use of materials and energy should not be restricted where only unnecessary use of plastic bags is avoided. Instead, there should be a sustainable use of everything which includes the reinforcement of public awareness and motivation to reduce, reuse and recycle (3Rs) to resolve environmental problems. Therefore, some countries like UK do not support an outright ban on plastic and seek other possible alternatives such as reusable totes or paper bags or having a tax imposed on plastic bags. Prendergast et al. (2001) found that consumers are more likely to reuse a paper bag an average of 2.7 times whereas a plastic bag will be reused 1.6 times and retaining a paper bag over a plastic bag leads to increased re-usage. However, alternatives such as reusable totes and paper bags have a worse effect on the environment than plastic bags. Plastic bags require 40 perce nt less energy than paper bags and that paper bag manufacturing creates 70 percent more air pollution and 50 percent more water pollution (†¦). Alternatives to plastic bags may not be practical because in many cases, efforts to increase bag recycling have shown minimal success to date (†¦). Furthermore, when governments outlaw plastic bags to encourage consumers to use other environmentally damaging products, more pollution is actually created. There might also be society and economic impacts on the less affluent in terms of employment loss, due to reduced plastic bag manufacturing Another possible alternative which the authors did not consider could be the recycling of plastic bags in recycling centers where plastic is melt and polymers are reused to carpets or clothes. However, plastic recycling has proven to be difficult to process mechanically as plastic bags are made of polyethylene where it is often labour intensive and cost intensive to sort plastic waste. A key assumption made by the authors is that plastic bags bans are beneficial for the environment. Therefore, the issue of banning plastic bags still remain a controversy as many variables are at play and the process of changing consumer behaviour in relation to plastic bag use can be a complex one. There are different perspectives as to how such consumption should be modified. For countries such as Bangladesh and India, flooding and public health concerns resulted in the use of legislation to ban the use of plastic bags. Plastic bag bans can prevent flooding in urban areas and human health problems. In the UK, voluntary action is on the part of consumers and the business community to reduce plastic bag use. Consumers are urged to reduce their use of plastic bags while manufacturers and retailers are expected to introduce measures to encourage consumers to act responsibly. Other countries like Italy, Ireland and Denmark prefer to impose tax to encourage consumers to reduce plastic bag use and taxes collected can help raise revenue for further environmental improvement. To conclude, the use of plastic bags have a great impact on sustainable consumption and changing consumer behavior through voluntary action, legislation banning the use of plastic bags, or taxing their use can make an effective contribution to a more sustainable future.