Pre-modernism and visuals from Harry Potter Research Paper

Pre-modernism and visuals from Harry Potter - Research Paper Example The essay "Premodernism - Epic Harry Potter Tribute" analyzes video "Epic Harry Potter Tribute" in the context of postmodernism. The video is created by Barney Barnicle. It starts with the depiction of the Diagon Alley with all its magic – plenty of wizards, owls and all the atmosphere. Then all fades out to show the Great Hall just after. There are many candles in the air that shed light on the multitude of magicians sitting; it is the first time Harry and his friends are in Hogwarts. Then other locations, the corridor and the Gringotts bank inside – its hidden hall, located deeply under the ground with its great poster and famous statues. Transformed heroes meet bad people, including Dolores Ambridge. The next shot show the joint photo of the members of Order of Phoenix; it provides closer view to show Harry’s parents and his godfather Sirius Blake, Remus Lupin and the betrayer Peter Pettigrew. Further the viewer may see the gathering of the Dumbledore’s Army – which is a kind of direct consequence from the Order of Phoenix. First we see the leaders, Harry is in the middle, of course. Then there are other people shown; Cho Chang is in the focus of attention – she was the first love of Harry Potter. Then we see Tom Riddle’s appearance – and his Voldemort attraction. The diary, bright artifact of the second film about the Chamber of Secrets is shown with the first message from Tom Riddle to Harry Potter. After that we see horcruxes and the voice speaks about their importance.

Identify and describe two significant U.S laws in international trade Essay

Identify and describe two significant U.S laws in international trade for the period of 2000-2008 - Essay Example This agreement immediately removes tariffs on more than eighty percent (80%) of U.S. exports comprising of products, which are consumer and industrial, the rest being phased out in 10 years (USTR, CAFTA-DR Final Text, 1). The Office of the United States Trade Representative also says that the DR-CAFTA would provide the same reciprocal access for the products and services of the US, just like most of the imports that enter the United States which are duty free, under the so-called â€Å"Generalized System of Preferences, Caribbean Basin Initiative and Most Favored Nation programs† (USTR, CAFTA-DR Final Text, 1). Hence, the goal of this agreement is to maintain a healthy competition and to create â€Å"a more efficient marketplace across international borders† (US Trade Representative, CAFTA Facts: Meeting the Needs of the Region’s Rural Poor, 1). This agreement is also provided with funding initiatives in order to enhance rural development and build trade capacity (USTR, CAFTA Facts: Financial Support for CAFTA-DR, 1). Thus, countries under this agreement was said to receive billions of dollars from various agencies in the next few years ((USTR, CAFTA Facts: Financial Support for CAFTA-DR, 1). Aside from this, the agreement contains the international labor rights with the capability to trade, providing thereby the procedures in case a party fails in its obligations under the labor provisions (Human Rights Watch, 1). However, according to Brandie Ballard Wade, although the provision of the DR-CAFTA provides that â€Å"members are committed to meet their obligations under the ILO declaration and ensure that both the rights of workers and the internationally recognized labor principles are protected and established in its laws,† there is however no requirement that they have to meet these obligations (645). Instead, the agreement only requires that countries strive to ensure that international principles and rights â€Å"are acknowledged and protected by

The Value Of Assessing Performance Business Essay

The Value Of Assessing Performance Business Essay An appraisal is an assessment of an employees performance, potential, and developmental needs. It is also an opportunity to review the employees quality of work, to reflect on what has been achieved during the period and agree upon the objectives going forward. Appraisals can benefit both employers and employees by improving their job performance, making it easier to identify what they are doing well, what they need to improve upon, and the most suitable action that needs to be taken for the future. I work for Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC); being a governmental authority DMCC is obligated to conduct annual and half yearly appraisal process. The mid-year appraisal helps to review the first six months performance and to highlight on areas that need improvement, thereby giving an employee adequate time to ensure that her/his individual objectives are achieved during the year-end performance review. This formal appraisal process is usually written and includes filling out a performance review form signed by both the line-manager and the employee. An important component of DMCCs performance appraisal process is the setting of SMART goals.   SMART Goals are extensively known and renowned tools in performance management.   Every employee is asked to document a series of goals that are Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Time-bound. Subsequent to the line managers mutual approval the employee then works towards accomplishing these goals in the year ahead. Besides the two formal bi-annual appraisal sessions, we also conduct informal appraisal and feedback sessions every quarter. These sessions may include feedback that is not always positive. It is always better to encourage the employees to view their appraisal as an opportunity, not a threat to their professional wellbeing. More importantly the line-manager must ensure that the meeting is a two-way conversation, not a lecture. A performance appraisal needs to be honest, even when employees might not always want to hear what their line-manager has to say. The success of the appraisal process depends on the line-managers readiness to complete a productive and objective appraisal and on the employees readiness to respond to constructive suggestions and to work with her/his manager to reach future goals. Motivating the team to improve performance in the workplace There are various factors that influence how employees behave at workplace and it all depends on  the nature of work that she/he does. For instance, it is fair to assume that an employee working within customer services is going  to get influenced  by how the customers behave. Also, the environment at the work place is very influential of how other colleagues behave with each other. If colleagues do not get along with one another at work then they may not perform to the best of their ability and may struggle to meet the objectives that the employer has set. The  relationship  between employees and the employer is also another main factor that affects the behaviour of an employee. It is possible that the employees  are not happy with certain factors or motions at the  work place  and therefore they do not feel passionate about their work. Thus, the line manager must ensure that  her/his team members are happy and re-think what improvements can be made to ensure that all employees are influenced to positively. There is a universal rule that happy employees contribute significantly in having  a successful business.   While it is important to discipline an employee for wrong doing, it is equally important to praise someone for achieving a challenging task. Motivation can be of many different forms. No standard form of motivation works for every person. Each form influences unique behaviour. Since each persons personality differs, so does the type of motivation. I work as a Senior Financial Accountant at Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC). Having completed four years in my current role and six years overall I have seen myself grow and transform into different leadership styles. Currently supervising a team of three junior accountants, I am responsible of ensuring accurate and timely reporting of financial performance monthly. In my job I too have challenges to face when it comes to delivering management reports on time and ensuring that the reports have no material errors or omissions. There have been instances when the system goes down and reports have to be compiled manually, which can take longer time and require late sittings. Motivating juniors to be loyal and deliver despite odds is difficult if not done regularly. Incentive is a  common form of motivation that includes both monetary and nonmonetary rewards. I try and ensure my team is always content and the work load is shared evenly among the team. The weekly team meetings and q uarterly appraisals sessions are useful to gage a better understanding of the team and brainstorm collectively to find solutions to issues. Each one of us has different core competencies and utilizing the strengths of each individual productively is termed effective management. Renowned psychologist Abraham Maslow established the motivation theory which categorizes the five human needs ranging from basic survival like food and shelter to the need for self-actualization. Maslow believed that once one need is satisfied, an individual pursues to attain the next need. When applied to workplace, the theory implies that the line-manager must understand the existing needs level of each employee to ascertain what will motivate her/him. To illustrate, a new hire that has been unemployed for an extended time will motivated mostly by the need for basic survival. Alternatively, an employee focused on career advancement would be more inclined to achieve self-actualization; thus it would be wise to allocate her/him to higher-level tasks. Carrot and Stick is the one of the most traditional motivational theory recognized by philosopher Jeremy Bentham. It splits motivation into two basic elements: incentives and fear. Some employees are motivated by the aspiration to earn higher compensation, a desire to achieve status and power by moving up the ladder, or the need for commendation. But some employees act better out of fear: the fear of losing a job, being reprimanded by their line-manager or the inability to adequately perform a task. In my team, I often use the carrot and stick technique depending on the situation. The need to achieve a higher rating during the performance appraisal review session encourages employees to perform better and the fear of being graded low encourages employees to pull up their socks and improve their productivity. Since the performance rating is directly linked to compensation increments, every employee is motivated by the higher monetary reward carrot. The value of feedback in the workplace Regular feedback is essential to improve efficiency and harmony within the team. In most mediocre companies accumulative feedback is given once during the annual performance appraisal session. Conversely in a productive workplace, effective feedback is given at each opportunity. The line manager must ensure that feedback be given both at an individual level as well as the team level. Feedback should be relevant, sincere, and more importantly positive feedback should outweigh negative feedback. Furthermore the line manager must ensure that she/he build a positive basis which makes any criticism more acceptable and understandable. Giving frequent positive feedback encourages discussion and helps the employee to accept correction or criticisms feedback with a healthy attitude. The line manager should also give feedback that is specific and individualized. Giving lump sum feedback or team feedback is generalized and does not contribute as much to motivate productivity or create positive change. When the feedback applies to specific goal, employee, or objective it is more effective and has more power to impact behaviour. Pages = 3 Words = 1,260

The Work of John Steinbeck :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Work of John Steinbeck      Ã‚  Ã‚   John Steinbeck was a major literary figure in the 20th century and continues to be widely read in the twenty-first century. Steinbeck was born on February 27,1902 (About John Steinbeck) in the Salinas Valley of California. (Laskov) "His father, John Steinbeck, Sr. was the County Treasurer and his mother, Olive Hamilton Steinbeck, was a former school teacher. As a youth, he worked as a ranch hand and fruit picker. (John Steinbeck [2])". "He attended the local high school and studied marine biology at Stanford University between 1920 and 1926, but did not take a degree" (John Steinbeck [1]). Steinbeck's fascination with science and biology is evident in most of his works such as in this quote from the Grapes of Wrath: "Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up in the stairs of his concepts, emerges ahead of his accomplishments."   (Steinbeck 165) As Steinbeck began his writing career, he took many other jobs to supp ort himself. For a short time, he worked at the American in New York City, and then returned to California where he worked various jobs such as a painter and fruit-picker before taking a job as a caretaker for a Lake Tahoe Estate. (John Steinbeck [1]) His job as a caretaker allowed him time to write and by the time he left the job in 1930 he had already published his first book, Cup of Gold (1929) and married his first wife Carol Henning (John Steinbeck [2]). After his marriage he moved to Pacific Grove, California where, in the early 1930s, Steinbeck met Edward Ricketts, a marine biologist, whose views on the interdependence of all life deeply influenced Steinbeck's novel To a God Unknown (1933). (John Steinbeck [2])      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tortilla Flat (1935) was Steinbeck's first successful novel. (John Steinbeck [2]) "Of Mice and Men (1937), a story of shattered dreams, became Steinbeck's first big success. In the same year appeared also The Red Pony". (John Steinbeck [2]) With his feet firmly planted as a successful America author, Steinbeck had many more pieces published during the next twenty years, including The Pearl and The Grapes of Wrath (1939). The Grapes of Wrath was hugely popular and was later made into an equally popular movie. (John Steinbeck [2])    John Steinbeck continued to write for the rest of his life, but many consider his writing career to have ended before he received the Nobel Prize.

Effect of Mobile Phones on Life

Little's Theorem Little's Theorem (sometimes called Little's Law) is a statement of what was a â€Å"folk theorem† in operations research for many years: N = ? T where N is the random variable for the number of jobs or customers in a system, ? is the arrival rate at which jobs arrive, and T is the random variable for the time a job spends in the system (all of this assuming steady-state). What is remarkable about Little's Theorem is that it applies to any system, regardless of the arrival time process or what the â€Å"system† looks like inside.Proof: Define the following: ? ( t ) ? number of arrivals in the interval (0,t ) ? ( t ) ? number of departures in the interval (0,t ) N ( t ) ? number of jobs in the system at time t = ? (t ) ? ?( t ) ? ( t ) ? accumulated customer – seconds in (0,t ) These functions are graphically shown in the following figure: â‚ ¬ The shaded area between the arrival and departure curves is ? (t ) . ? t = arrival rate over the inter val (0,t ) ? (t ) t Elec 428 Little’s Theorem N t = average # of jobs during the interval (0,t ) = ? (t) t Tt = average time a job spends in the system in (0,t ) â‚ ¬ = ? (t) ? (t) â‚ ¬ ? ? ( t ) = Tt? ( t ) T ? (t ) ? Nt = t = ? t Tt t Assume that the following limits exist: â‚ ¬ lim ? t = ? t >? lim Tt = T t >? Then â‚ ¬ lim N t = N t >? also exists and is given by N = ? T . â‚ ¬ Keywords: Little's Law Little's Theorem Steady state Page 2 of 2

Analysis Of Hydrocarbon Essay

Abstract In the analysis the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the identification of volatile compounds (hydrocarbon) in fuel. The samples was used is (kerosene, diesel, thinner and petrol) and one unknown. After the analyte was extracted by SPME in 20min, it directly injected to the GCMS with desorption time 80sec.After the analysis was done, the result was stated at table 4.1, the unknown was identified as a petrol because the hydrocarbon presence in the unknown is the same with the hydrocarbon compound in the petrol sample. Aromatic hydrocarbon was presence in both sample petrol and unknown. Alkanes hydrocarbon was presence in other sample. Objective The objectives of this experiment are to perform sample preparation by SPME and to identify the components of hydrocarbon in common fuel using SPME-GC-MS. Introduction Solid phase microextraction, a simple, effective adsorption/desorption technique, eliminates the need for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating volatile or nonvolatile compounds in liquid samples or headspace. SPME is compatible with analyte separation/detection by gas chromatography or HPLC, and provides linear results for wide concentrations of analytes. By controlling the polarity and thickness of the coating on the fiber, maintaining consistent sampling time, and adjusting several other extraction parameters, an analyst can ensure highly consistent, quantifiable results from low concentrations of analytes. Analyses of volatile or semivolatile organic environmental pollutants,flavor or fragrance components, and many other samples usually begin with concentrating the analytes of interest through liquid-liquid extraction, purge-and-trap, headspace, or various other techniques. These procedures typically require excessive time, complicated equipment, and/or extravagant use of organic solvents. Solid phase microextraction, or SPME,* an adsorption/desorption technique developed at the University of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), eliminates the need for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating volatile or nonvolatile compounds in liquid samples or headspace. SPME provides linear results over wide concentrations of analytes (1-4), is compatiblewith any packed column or capillary gas chromatograph or gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system, and can be used with split/splitless or direct/packed injectors. An SPME/HPLC interface allows the technique to be combined with analysis by HPL C, expanding the applications for the extraction technique to detection of surfactants in water, pharmaceuticals in biological fluids, and many other analyses. An analytical process typically consists of several discrete steps: sampling, sample preparation, separation, quantification and data analysis. For example, in the analysis of semivolatile components in water, the target analytes are first extracted into an organic solvent. The resulting solution is then introduced into an analytical instrument for separation, quantification, and possible identification. Each of these steps affects the precision, accuracy and speed of the analysis. Although multi-dimensional techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have improved separation and quantification, the preparation step is still time consuming and often uses a significant volume of organic. SPME was developed to simplify the preparation step. SPME is a microextraction technique, which means that the amount of extraction solvent is very small compared to the sample volume. As a result, exhaustive removal of analytes to the extracting phase does not occur, rather an equilibrium is reached between the sample matrix and the extracting phase. To make this approach practical, the extracting phase is permanently attached to rods made out of various materials. In most of the cases, the extracting phase is a polymeric organic  phase that is cross-linked and permanently attached to the rod. In one configuration, the rods consist of an optical fiber made of fused silica, which is chemically inert. A polymer layer is used to protect the fiber against breakage. Two common polymers used are poly (dimethylsiloxane) and polyacrylate. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) behaves as a liquid,which results in rapid extraction compared to polyacrylate, which is a solid. The silica rods have a typical diameter of 100–200 micrometers and a film thickness ranging from 10–100 microns. When the coated fiber is placed into an aqueous matrix (Figure 1), the analyte is transferred from the matrix into the coating. The extraction is considered to be complete when the analyte has reached an equilibrium distribution between the matrix and fiber coating. The equilibrium condition can be described as: n = Kfs Vf Vs Co Kfs Vf Vs when n is the amount extracted by the coating Kfs is the distribution coefficient between the fiber coating and the sample matrix, Vf is the volume of the fiber coating, Vs is the volume of the sample, and C0 is the initial concentration of analyte in the sample. FIGURE 4.1: Microextraction with SPME. SPME passively extracts organic compounds and concentrates them onto a thin, fused-silica ï ¬ ber coated with a stationary-phase material. The component in sample was identified by comparing with the mass spectra library. The quality of a component must taken 90% and above. There are three different extraction modes for SPME: I.  Direct: Fiber is placed in the water or air sample and the analytes are adsorbed onto or absorbed into the ï ¬ ber coating directly from the sample matrix. II.  Headspace: Sample of soil or water is placed in a vial. The SPME ï ¬ ber is placed in the air directly above the water or soil, and analytes partition from the sample matrix through the air to the ï ¬ ber coating. The air in the vial serves as a barrier between the SPME ï ¬ ber and the sample matrix to protect the SPME ï ¬ ber and eliminate fouling by high molecular-weight compounds and other non-volatile interferences in the sample media. III.  Membrane: uses a membrane to protect the SPME ï ¬ ber from heavily contaminated samples that may damage the ï ¬ ber. Figure 4.2: Schematic diagram of the headspace SPME apparatus. Sample: Unleaded petrol, diesel, paint thinner, kerosene and unknown. Apparatus: SPME holder with 100 ÃŽ ¼m polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibre. Instrument: Gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies 5890 Series II) Equipped with HP 5971A mass selective detector and a 30m x 0.25ÃŽ ¼ x 250 ÃŽ ¼m HP 5 – MS capillary column and glass vials with septum. Procedure Instruments Set up Injector temperature : 250 oC Detector temperature : 300 oC Carrier gas flow rate : 30 ml/s Column temperature : 60 oC to 170oC at 10oC/min 1. The fiber (PDMS) was conditioned in the GC injection port at 250oC for at least 10 minutes to removed contaminations. 2. Approximately 5 mL of unleaded petrol was added in a glass vial and place the vial on a hot plate. The sample was heated to 50oC. 3. The SPME fiber was exposed to the headspace of the vial for 20 minutes and the temperature was constant at 50oC. 4. The fiber was withdraw into the needle and pulled out from the vial and immediately injected into GC-MS with desorption time 80 seconds. 5. Using the mass spectra library, the major component compound in each sample was identified using the mass spectra library. 6. Step 2 until 5 were repeated for other sample. Discussion The solid phase microextraction process is shown in Figure 4.3. 1cm length of fused silica fiber, coated with a polymer, is bonded to a stainless steel plunger and installed in a holder that looks like a modified microliter syringe. The plunger moves the fused silica fiber into and out of a hollow needle. To use the unit, the analyst draws the fiber into the needle, passes the needle through the septum that seals the sample vial, and depresses the plunger, exposing the fiber to the sample or the headspace above the sample. Organic analytes adsorb to the coating on the fiber. After adsorption equilibrium is attained, usually in 2 to 30 minutes, the fiber is drawn into the needle, and the needle is withdrawn from the sample vial. Finally, the needle is introduced into the gas chromatograph injector, where the adsorbed analytes are thermally desorbed and delivered to the GC column, or into the SPME/HPLC interface. Results compare very favorably to results for other sample preparation. Figure 4.3: Solid Phase Microextraction In SPME, equilibria are established among the concentrations of an analyte in the sample, in the headspace above the sample, and in the polymer coating on the fused silica fiber. The amount of analyte adsorbed by the fiber depends on the thickness of the polymer coating and on the distribution constant for the analyte. Extraction time is determined by the length of time required to obtain precise extractions for the analytes with the highest distribution  constants. The distribution constant generally increases with increasing molecular weight and boiling point of the analyte. Selectivity can  be altered by changing the type of polymer coating on the fiber, or the coating thickness, to match the characteristics of the analytes of interest. In general, volatile compounds require a thick coating, and a thin coating is most effective for adsorbing/desorbing semivolatile analytes. Desorption of an analyte from an SPME fiber depends on the boiling point of the analyte, the thickness of the coating on the fiber, and the temperature of the injection port. Nonpolar analytes are most effectively extracted with a nonpolar fiber coating and polar analytes are most effectively extracted with a polar coating, just as nonpolar or polar analytes are most effectively analyzed on a gas chromatography column of like polarity. In SPME however, because only 1cm of fiber is exposed to the sample matrix, the fiber coating must be either nonpolar or strongly polar in nature. The small differences in stationary phase polarity that are useful in gas chromatography (a 5% diphenylsiloxane/95% dimethylsiloxane phases versus a 100% dimethylsiloxane phase, for example) will not produce appreciable selectivity differences in SPME. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the non- polar stationary phase that has been used in this experiment. The –R groups are all –CH3, giving a liquid that is relatively nonpolar. In general, polar fibers are used for polar analytes and nonpolar fibres for non-polar analytes. Before proceed the analysis, the sample must be heated to make the sample attach to the fibre. The fibre was put into the vial that contains the sample. The vial was heated by using the water bath at 500C this was done because if the temperature was not strictly controlled, the components of interest from t he sample that we wanted to collect will not be able to obtain. We controlled the temperature by adding cold water inside the water bath system if the temperature goes high, reduced the amount of water, and also increased the hot plate’s temperature if the temperature goes low than 500C.Before placing the fibre into the sample vial through its septum, the fibre was first injected into the injection port of the GCMS at temperature of 2500C for 10 minutes so that any interferences and contaminants can be effectively removed. By doing this, we actually want to make sure that no impurities existed on the fibre. Thus, we can be sure that we are actually  injecting pure vapor of sample’s components obtained from exposing the fibre to the headspace of the vial. After the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding. After the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding. After 80 seconds of injection, the fibre was pulled out from the injection port. The 80 seconds period is known as desorption time. The factors that effects on determining desorption times are carrier gas linear flow and temperature. These factors will influence the carryover experience on the fibre. There are several factors that effects on precision of the fibre such as condition of the fiber, GC injector (fibre positioning), desorption time, sample volume, agitation, extraction time and temperature. During the experiment, there were source of error occurred such as personal and methods error. For example, when heated, the temperature was not maintained at 50oC. Besides, the fibre was not quickly injected into the GC-MS which can cause the sample to vaporize and in the end the analytes disappear. To get the best result, ensuring the fibre and sample is heated longer and maintain the temperature at 50oC so that the compounds of sample can attached and coated to the fibre. SPME has several important advantages compared to traditional sample preparation techniques. The advantages of SPME discuss. The SPME method for semivolatile analysis consists of inserting the fiber device into the aqueous sample matrix, pushing the plunger to expose the fiber, retracting the fiber into the needle when equilibrium has been reached, and finally introducing the fiber into the analytical instrument. During desorbtion of the analyte, the polymeric phase is cleaned and therefore ready for reuse. The absence of solvent in SPME is an important feature, as it is not only environmentally friendly but makes the separation faster, which increases throughput and allows for the use of simpler instruments. Another important  feature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for design. Another important feature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for designing portable devices for field work. Since the amount of extracting phase is small, the equilibrium of the system is not disturbed and can therefore be studied. Very small objects can be studied with miniature fibers, such as a single flower or even a single cell. The sensitivity and limit of determination is comparable to techniques that rely on liquid extraction. Although only a small portion of analyte is extracted from the matrix, all extracted analytes are transferred to the analytical instrument. This is in contrast to liquid extractions, where the majority of analyte is transferred from a given sample to the organic phase but only a small portion (1/100 or 1/1000) of the extracted analyte is introduced to the analytical instrument. The analyte if the sample non volatile the other extraction method can achieve by placing the SPME fiber directly into the aqueous sample. Conclusion In conclusion, since hydrocarbon is volatile compound, the extraction procedure by placing the SPME fiber in the headspace above the sample can extract the analyte and directly injected to the GCMS, the components in the sample can be identified using the GCMS where we can compare the obtained spectra with the instrument’s library. From the experiment we are successfully determine the compounds that present in the thinner, kerosene, diesel and petrol. The hydrocarbons that present in unknown are similar to those in kerosene because it is quite similar in chromatography diagram.Besides, the sample are not quality so that the result that we obtain is not accurate a bit because of oftenly used. Recommendations 1. Washing the injector properly so that, no contaminate will occurred. References 1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science 2. www.geocities.com/hpgc/chem700/spmenotes.pdf